12/25/2023 0 Comments Hpa reactivity definition![]() These research studies attempt to explore connections between external behavioral and internal physiological responses to sensory stimulation, though results are mixed. The relation between ANS arousal, automatic processes, and sensory responsivity has received increased attention in the sensory modulation literature over the last 25 years ( Miller et al., 2009). This latter definition affords a multi-dimensional, non-linear approach to integrating concepts of arousal and sensory responsivity. It is also more elegantly described as a property distributed across autonomic, sensory, emotional, and motor domains ( Pfaff and Banavar, 2007 Mendes, 2016). Physiological arousal is simply defined as reflecting a continuum of states of alertness across the sleep-wake cycle ( Brazelton, 1973 Barnard, 1999 Oken et al., 2006). ![]() However, early observations by Ayres (1963, 2005) posited that children’s disruptions with sensory over-responsivity (SOR) were manifestations of “fight-flight” responses from the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to typical, non-aversive stimulation, suggesting a connection between physiological arousal and behavior. Behaviorally, atypical external responses associated with SMD have been generally categorized as either hyper/over-responsive or hypo/under-responsive as compared to expected response intensity ( McIntosh et al., 1999 Miller et al., 2007). Physiologically, SMD has historically been considered to reflect disruption in the mechanisms of habituation and sensitization within the central nervous system (CNS Kandel, 1991). Embedded within the definition of sensory modulation disorder (SMD), a subtype of sensory processing disorder (SPD), is the reference to an individual’s atypical physiological or behavioral responses to everyday stimuli ( McIntosh et al., 1999). Yet, the occupational therapy community has grappled with various definitions which bifurcate internal neurophysiological arousal and external behavioral responses to stimuli ( Miller et al., 2001, 2007 May-Benson and Schaaf, 2015 Brown et al., 2019). Sensory modulation is commonly defined as the ability to regulate and organize reactions to sensations in a graded and adaptive manner ( Ayres, 1972 Royeen and Lane, 1991 Parham and Mailloux, 1996 Brown et al., 2019). deliberately controlled processes across large-scale neural networks in the development of sensorimotor function and their associated links with arousal patterns and sensory over- and under-responsivity. ![]() We consider the relative contributions of automatic vs. We argue that using multiple physiological measurements to capture individual ANS response variation is critical for effectively treating children with sensory modulation disorder (SMD) and sensory differences. This review article advances a deeper understanding of stress and the complex stress patterns within the ANS and HPA axis that contribute to allostatic load (AL). Patterns of ANS activation vary across individuals, with distinct physiological response profiles influencing the reactivity underlying automatic behavioral responses. Research from the past decade illustrates that sympathetic and parasympathetic interactions are more complex than previously assumed. This mini-review article summarizes current knowledge about the role of the ANS in sensory modulation, with a focus on the integrated functions of the ANS and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and their measurement. The specific role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in emotional and behavioral regulation-particularly in relation to automatic processes-has gained increased attention in the sensory modulation literature. ![]() 5NeuroRelational Framework (NRF) Institute, Pasadena, CA, United States.4Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.3Systems Science Program, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States.2Psychology Program, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States.1Department of Psychology, Pitzer College, Claremont, CA, United States.Kenzie 3 Wayne Wakeland 3 Deborah Budding 4 Connie Lillas 5* ![]()
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